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Equation 18 · Part 2 · What an AI Accelerator Actually Is: Silicon, Packaging, and the Memory It Can Reach

superscript

I∗I^{*}
superscript

What this part means

A raised number can be a power. When it is a label or bound, it selects a case or the upper limit of a sum; the formula’s structure distinguishes these uses.

Its job in the formula

A raised mark can be a power or an index. Its position and the surrounding notation determine which.

The passage around this formula

Now put the two scaling rates from the opening beside this. If Pmax⁡P_{\max} grows at 3.0x per two years and β\beta grows at 1.6x, then I∗I^{*} — the intensity threshold a workload must clear — grows at roughly 1.9x per two years [ 4 ] . Each hardware generation raises the bar for what counts as compute bound. This is why a kernel that was compute bound two generations ago is memory bound today without a line of its source changing, and it is the single most useful thing to know about accelerator roadmaps.

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Learn the underlying idea

An exponent tells how a base is used in multiplication. In x³, x is the base and 3 is the exponent: x³ = x × x × x.

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Sources cited in the surrounding passage

These citations provide research context; check each source for the exact claim it supports.