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Equation 18 · What an AI Accelerator Actually Is: Silicon, Packaging, and the Memory It Can Reach

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I∗I^{*}

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I∗I^{*}

Symbol I^*

I∗I^* is a part of this expression. Its role is fixed by the surrounding article and by the operations shown in the formula.

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superscript

superscript

A raised number can be a power. When it is a label or bound, it selects a case or the upper limit of a sum; the formula’s structure distinguishes these uses.

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Now put the two scaling rates from the opening beside this. If Pmax⁡P_{\max} grows at 3.0x per two years and β\beta grows at 1.6x, then I∗I^{*} — the intensity threshold a workload must clear — grows at roughly 1.9x per two years [ 4 ] . Each hardware generation raises the bar for what counts as compute bound. This is why a kernel that was compute bound two generations ago is memory bound today without a line of its source changing, and it is the single most useful thing to know about accelerator roadmaps.

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