Equation 21 · Part 7 · What Alignment Actually Costs
subscript
subscript
What this part means
The lower label selects a particular version, component, or indexed member of the quantity. For example, x₀ and xₜ can be values at different positions.
Its job in the formula
A subscript distinguishes a version, component, step, or member of a quantity. It does not automatically mean multiplication.
Full expression→subscript→Article meaning
The passage around this formula
A useful, explicitly illustrative way to see the size of that gap is to price coverage directly as a scenario, not a reported figure: . the cost of testing D domains to an adequate depth h (in expert-hours per domain) at a specialist wage w . Anchoring h at roughly 150 hours, taken from Anthropic’s single-domain biosecurity effort, and w at a conservative 50 to 100 US dollars an hour for domain expertise — well below typical consulting rates for the specialists these programmes actually recruit — testing even fifty domains to that depth, a small number next to the realistic combination of languages, deployment surfaces, and misuse categories a deployed model faces, comes…
Learn the underlying idea
A subscript is a label attached below a symbol. It often selects a time step, component, category, or member of a sequence.
Open the illustrated subscripts: which member of a family? guide →
Sources cited in the article section
- [5] Red Teaming Language Models to Reduce Harms: Methods, Scaling Behaviors, and Lessons Learned ↗
- [6] GPT-4 System Card ↗
- [7] Frontier Threats Red Teaming for AI Safety ↗
- [8] Generative Red Team Recap ↗
These citations provide research context; check each source for the exact claim it supports.