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Equation 1 · The Resonance That Selected Carbon, and the Universes That Couldn't

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⟨σv⟩3α  ∝  ΓαΓ Γrad  exp⁡ ⁣(−ERkBT)\langle \sigma v \rangle_{3\alpha} \;\propto\; \frac{\Gamma_\alpha}{\Gamma}\,\Gamma_{\mathrm{rad}}\; \exp\!\left(-\frac{E_R}{k_{B}T}\right)

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This mathematical expression combines the displayed quantities; its precise role follows from the surrounding article text. Read the equation part by part below; each part has a contextual explanation and a link to its mathematical background.

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σ\sigma

Symbol σ

σ is a part of this expression. Its role is fixed by the surrounding article and by the operations shown in the formula.

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vv

Symbol v

v is a part of this expression. Its role is fixed by the surrounding article and by the operations shown in the formula.

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α\alpha

Symbol α

the alpha-decay and radiative partial widths, Γ\Gamma their sum.

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Γα\Gamma_\alpha

Symbol Gamma_α

the alpha-decay and radiative partial widths, Γ\Gamma their sum.

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Γ\Gamma

Symbol Gamma

Gamma is a part of this expression. Its role is fixed by the surrounding article and by the operations shown in the formula.

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Γrad\Gamma_{\mathrm{rad}}

Symbol Gamma_rad

the alpha-decay and radiative partial widths, Γ\Gamma their sum.

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ERE_R

Symbol E_R

the resonance energy above the reacting threshold [ 5 ].

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kBk_{B}

Symbol k_B

kBk_B occurs below the fraction bar. The quantity above the bar is divided by this expression; zero is excluded as a denominator.

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TT

Symbol T

T occurs below the fraction bar. The quantity above the bar is divided by this expression; zero is excluded as a denominator.

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fraction

fraction

Divide the expression above the line by the one below it.

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∝

∝

Proportional to; the scale factor is not shown.

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subscript

subscript

The lower label selects a particular version, component, or indexed member of the quantity. For example, x₀ and xₜ can be values at different positions.

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kBTk_{B}T

Denominator: k_BT

The complete quantity below the fraction bar; it must be nonzero for this division.

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How to interpret it

With a fixed numerator, increasing a nonzero denominator reduces the fraction.

What the article says around this equation

The underlying reaction-rate dependence that ties the Hoyle-state’s radiative width directly to the resonance’s position above threshold is the same relation used throughout the modern literature on this reaction, of the schematic resonant form ⟨σv⟩3α  ∝  ΓαΓ Γrad  exp⁡ ⁣(−ERkBT)\langle \sigma v \rangle_{3\alpha} \;\propto\; \frac{\Gamma_\alpha}{\Gamma}\,\Gamma_{\mathrm{rad}}\; \exp\!\left(-\frac{E_R}{k_{B}T}\right). where Γα\Gamma_\alpha and Γrad\Gamma_{\mathrm{rad}} are the alpha-decay and radiative partial widths, Γ\Gamma their sum, and ERE_R the resonance energy above the reacting threshold [ 5 ] . The exponential term is why a shift in the resonance’s position has outsized leverage on the reaction rate, and why the disputed radiative-width measurements of the previous section and the sensitivity calculations here are, in the end, two views of the…
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The underlying reaction-rate dependence that ties the Hoyle-state’s radiative width directly to the resonance’s position above threshold is the same relation used throughout the modern literature on this reaction, of the schematic resonant form ⟨σv⟩3α  ∝  ΓαΓ Γrad  exp⁡ ⁣(−ERkBT)\langle \sigma v \rangle_{3\alpha} \;\propto\; \frac{\Gamma_\alpha}{\Gamma}\,\Gamma_{\mathrm{rad}}\; \exp\!\left(-\frac{E_R}{k_{B}T}\right). where Γα\Gamma_\alpha and Γrad\Gamma_{\mathrm{rad}} are the alpha-decay and radiative partial widths, Γ\Gamma their sum, and ERE_R the resonance energy above the reacting threshold [ 5 ] . The exponential term is why a shift in the resonance’s position has outsized leverage on the reaction rate, and why the disputed radiative-width measurements of the previous section and the sensitivity calculations here are, in the end, two views of the same quantity’s grip on the same exponent.

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