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Equation 4 · Part 9 · How Mechanistic Interpretability Research Is Actually Done

=

p^θ(y∣aℓ)=σ ⁣(w⊤aℓ+b),θ={w,b},\hat p_\theta(y \mid a_\ell) = \sigma\!\left(w^{\top} a_\ell + b\right), \qquad \theta = \{w, b\},
=

What this part means

The expressions on both sides represent the same quantity under the stated assumptions.

Its job in the formula

The equals sign connects the complete expression on the left with the complete expression on the right. Both sides must have compatible units.

The passage around this formula

The first concrete operation in almost any interpretability project is the least glamorous: run the model forward on a batch of inputs, and at some chosen point in the computation — a residual-stream position, an attention head’s output, a particular MLP layer — copy the activation tensor out before it is overwritten by the next step of the forward pass. This is extraction, and it produces nothing on its own beyond a large table of vectors. What turns it into evidence is probing: fitting a small, separately trained classifier to predict some property of interest directly from those vectors, while the model’s own weights stay frozen. Formally, for an activation aℓa_\ell read out at layer ℓ\ell…

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Learn the underlying idea

An equals sign says that the expression on its left and the expression on its right have the same value under the stated definitions and assumptions.

Open the illustrated equality: what the equals sign claims guide →

Sources cited in the surrounding passage

These citations provide research context; check each source for the exact claim it supports.