Equation 4 · God Plays Dice, and Evolution Loads Them
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Symbol S
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=
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2015 closed both, three times over. Hensen and colleagues at Delft entangled electron spins in diamond, 1.3 kilometres apart, and measured S = 2.42 0.20 against the bound of 2, with detection efficient enough and separation wide enough to close both loopholes together [ 4 ] . Giustina and colleagues in Vienna, using entangled photons and high-efficiency detectors, reported a violation whose probability under local realism was no greater than 3.74 10^{-31} [ 5 ] ; Shalm and colleagues at NIST, independently, reported p-values as low as 5.9 10^{-9} [ 6 ] . Between the three, no known loophole remained.
Sources cited in the surrounding passage
- [4] Loophole-free Bell inequality violation using electron spins separated by 1.3 kilometres ↗
- [5] Significant-Loophole-Free Test of Bell's Theorem with Entangled Photons ↗
- [6] Strong Loophole-Free Test of Local Realism ↗
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