Equation 4 · Part 2 · God Plays Dice, and Evolution Loads Them
=
=
What this part means
The expressions on both sides represent the same quantity under the stated assumptions.
Its job in the formula
The equals sign connects the complete expression on the left with the complete expression on the right. Both sides must have compatible units.
Full expression→=→Article meaning
The passage around this formula
2015 closed both, three times over. Hensen and colleagues at Delft entangled electron spins in diamond, 1.3 kilometres apart, and measured S = 2.42 0.20 against the bound of 2, with detection efficient enough and separation wide enough to close both loopholes together [ 4 ] . Giustina and colleagues in Vienna, using entangled photons and high-efficiency detectors, reported a violation whose probability under local realism was no greater than 3.74 10^{-31} [ 5 ] ; Shalm and colleagues at NIST, independently, reported p-values as low as 5.9 10^{-9} [ 6 ] . Between the three, no known loophole remained.
Learn the underlying idea
An equals sign says that the expression on its left and the expression on its right have the same value under the stated definitions and assumptions.
Open the illustrated equality: what the equals sign claims guide →
Sources cited in the surrounding passage
- [4] Loophole-free Bell inequality violation using electron spins separated by 1.3 kilometres ↗
- [5] Significant-Loophole-Free Test of Bell's Theorem with Entangled Photons ↗
- [6] Strong Loophole-Free Test of Local Realism ↗
These citations provide research context; check each source for the exact claim it supports.