Equation 12 · Einstein's Random Walk and the Mathematics of Genetic Drift
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the governed by a single constant. Read the equation part by part below; each part has a contextual explanation and a link to its mathematical background.
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Einstein’s equation described one physical system: particles buffeted by a fluid held at a fixed temperature, governed by a single constant D . Within a decade, physicists working on an unrelated problem — how the energy of a rotating electric dipole settles under both random radiative kicks and a systematic damping force in a radiation field — found they needed the same mathematical object with one addition: a drift term standing alongside the diffusion term. Adriaan Fokker wrote down that generalization in 1914, and Max Planck rederived and extended it in 1917; the combined equation has carried both names since [ 3 ] . In one dimension it reads
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