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Equation 1 · Part 2 · Edge AI Electronics and Sensor Systems in Practice: Quantization, Power Budgets, and Sensor Front Ends

Stored integer code

r=S(q−Z),r = S \left( q - Z \right),
qq

What this part means

The whole-number code kept in the compact representation. For example, q = 14 is a code; it is not itself the model value 14. The allowed code range depends on the chosen integer format.

Its job in the formula

q is one of the signed contributions combined to compute the quantity on the left.

The passage around this formula

…using integer arithmetic end to end. The scheme that made this practical for commodity hardware is an affine mapping between a real value and its stored integer, r=S(q−Z)r = S \left( q - Z \right). where r is the real-valued number, q is the stored integer, S > 0 is a scale factor, and Z is an integer zero-point chosen so that real zero maps exactly onto a representable integer — a detail that matters because operations like zero-padding and ReLU depend on zero being represented without rounding error. Jacob and colleagues…

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Learn the underlying idea

Quantization maps many possible numerical values onto a smaller set of codes. It helps a small device store and process a neural network using compact integer arithmetic.

Open the illustrated quantization: from a value to an integer code guide →

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Sources cited in the surrounding passage

These citations provide research context; check each source for the exact claim it supports.

Further reading for this equation