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Equation 106 · Part 2 · No Particle Without a Cosigner

superscript

10−19 K10^{-19}\,\mathrm K
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What this part means

A raised number can be a power. When it is a label or bound, it selects a case or the upper limit of a sum; the formula’s structure distinguishes these uses.

Its job in the formula

A raised mark can be a power or an index. Its position and the surrounding notation determine which.

The passage around this formula

Electrons circulating in a storage ring undergo enormous proper acceleration — for an ultra-relativistic beam of Lorentz factor γ\gamma on a ring of radius r , the proper centripetal acceleration is a ≈\approx γ2\gamma^2 c2c^2/r . For beam parameters typical of a large electron-positron collider, with γ\gamma of order 2×\times10^5 and r of order several kilometers, this works out to a ∼\sim 8×\times10^{23}\,m s−2\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}} , corresponding by the Unruh formula to TUT_U = ℏ\hbar a/(2π\pi c kBk_B) ∼\sim 3×\times10^3\,K\mathrm K — a temperature scale that is, remarkably, not astronomically small, unlike the roughly 10^{-19}\,K\mathrm K an Earth-bound laboratory accelerometer would need a planet’s worth of…

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Learn the underlying idea

An exponent tells how a base is used in multiplication. In x³, x is the base and 3 is the exponent: x³ = x × x × x.

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Sources cited in the surrounding passage

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