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⌈log⁡2p⌉\lceil \log_2 p \rceil

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But look at the latency term: 2(p-1)α\alpha grows linearly in the number of participants. A recursive-doubling or tree scheme instead completes in ⌈\lceil log⁡2\log_2 p ⌉\rceil rounds:

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pp

Symbol p

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⌈log⁡2p⌉\lceil \log_2 p \rceil

Equation 23 · AI Hardware & Semiconductors

The Network Is the Computer Again

This mathematical expression combines the displayed quantities; its precise role follows from the surrounding article text.

But look at the latency term: 2(p-1)α\alpha grows linearly in the number of participants. A recursive-doubling or tree scheme instead completes in ⌈\lceil log⁡2\log_2 p ⌉\rceil rounds:

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