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S(t)S(t)

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Whether interpretability evidence becomes admissible for a safety certification is not a third axis; it is what the other two jointly produce, and the joint requirement is a conjunction rather than an average. Write A(t) for the share of a frontier model’s decision-relevant behaviour with a validated, causally checked account — Circuit Tracing’s own figures are the best public anchor for where A(t) sits today [ 2 ] — and S(t) for the share of published interpretability results built on a method that has cleared an agreed, cross-lab benchmark rather than a proxy metric of the kind SAEBench found unreliable [ 10 ] . A regulator or a court asked to accept mechanistic evidence needs both a…

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SS

Symbol S

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tt

Symbol t

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Published contexts (4)

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S(t)S(t)

Equation 3 · AI Research

Mechanistic Interpretability in 2035: Scenarios and Falsifiers

This mathematical expression combines the displayed quantities; its precise role follows from the surrounding article text.

Whether interpretability evidence becomes admissible for a safety certification is not a third axis; it is what the other two jointly produce, and the joint requirement is a conjunction rather than an average. Write A(t) for the share of a frontier model’s decision-relevant behaviour with a validated, causally checked account — Circuit Tracing’s own figures are the best public anchor for where A(t) sits today [ 2 ] — and S(t) for the share of published interpretability results built on a method that has cleared an agreed, cross-lab benchmark rather than a proxy metric of the kind SAEBench found unreliable [ 10 ] . A regulator or a court asked to accept mechanistic evidence needs both a…

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S(t)S(t)

Equation 8 · AI Research

Mechanistic Interpretability in 2035: Scenarios and Falsifiers

This mathematical expression combines the displayed quantities; its precise role follows from the surrounding article text.

R(t) stays at zero however high either term climbs alone, exactly as the AISI account above already anticipates by asking for outside validation before treating interpretability-based detection as sufficient on its own [ 11 ] . Axis A determines whether A(t) can plausibly clear a∗a^{*} within the horizon this article considers; Axis B determines whether S(t) can. Neither can be inferred from the other, which is why they are kept as two axes rather than folded into one.

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S(t)S(t)

Equation 10 · AI Research

Mechanistic Interpretability in 2035: Scenarios and Falsifiers

This mathematical expression combines the displayed quantities; its precise role follows from the surrounding article text.

Observable indicators. Coverage figures comparable to scenario one’s threshold appear in system cards, reported alongside method-specific metrics that do not map onto a competitor’s; RAVEL- and SAEBench-style benchmarks keep publishing but adoption stays partial; A(t) clears the coverage bar this article’s model requires while S(t) does not, so R(t) stays at zero even as raw coverage looks like scenario one’s.

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S(t)S(t)

Equation 12 · AI Research

Mechanistic Interpretability in 2035: Scenarios and Falsifiers

This mathematical expression combines the displayed quantities; its precise role follows from the surrounding article text.

Observable indicators. Published coverage figures plateau in roughly the range Circuit Tracing already reports even as benchmark adoption becomes near-universal; safety cases and certifications, where they use interpretability at all, name specific bounded claims rather than model-wide guarantees [ 12 ] ; S(t) clears its threshold while A(t) does not, so R(t) stays zero for broad claims and becomes available only for a narrower, differently defined admissibility condition this article does not formalize.

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