Equation 15 · Part 2 · What Alignment Actually Costs
subscript
subscript
What this part means
The lower label selects a particular version, component, or indexed member of the quantity. For example, x₀ and xₜ can be values at different positions.
Its job in the formula
A subscript distinguishes a version, component, step, or member of a quantity. It does not automatically mean multiplication.
Full expression→subscript→Article meaning
The passage around this formula
Two data points three years apart, 0.018 for InstructGPT and 0.17 to 0.19 for DeepSeek-R1, describe a ratio that has grown roughly tenfold. Epoch AI’s broader analysis of post-training compute trends confirms the direction independently of any single model: reasoning-focused post-training compute has scaled by roughly a factor of ten every four months, far outpacing pretraining’s historical growth of roughly four to five times a year, and the analysts note this cannot continue much longer, because tripling post-training compute is on a path to soon mean tripling the entire training budget [ 10 ] . That finding needs one careful qualification for an article about…
Learn the underlying idea
A subscript is a label attached below a symbol. It often selects a time step, component, category, or member of a sequence.
Open the illustrated subscripts: which member of a family? guide →
Sources cited in the surrounding passage
These citations provide research context; check each source for the exact claim it supports.