Equation 12 · Part 1 · What Alignment Actually Costs
Symbol ρ
What this part means
ρ is a part of this expression. Its role is fixed by the surrounding article and by the operations shown in the formula.
Its job in the formula
ρ is a part of this expression. Its role is fixed by the surrounding article and by the operations shown in the formula.
Full expression→Symbol ρ→Article meaning
The passage around this formula
Two data points three years apart, 0.018 for InstructGPT and 0.17 to 0.19 for DeepSeek-R1, describe a ratio that has grown roughly tenfold. Epoch AI’s broader analysis of post-training compute trends confirms the direction independently of any single model: reasoning-focused post-training compute has scaled…
Learn the underlying idea
A variable is a named place for a value. Its letter is a local label: x can mean position in one formula and a data point in another.
Open the illustrated variables: a letter stands for a value guide →
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Sources cited in the surrounding passage
These citations provide research context; check each source for the exact claim it supports.