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Equation 19 · Part 16 · The Economics and Physical Limits of Running AI Agents at Scale

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Cn=∑i=1nci=n pin(τ+δ)+pin σ n(n−1)2+n pout oˉC_n = \sum_{i=1}^{n} c_i = n\,p_{\text{in}}(\tau+\delta) + p_{\text{in}}\,\sigma\,\frac{n(n-1)}{2} + n\,p_{\text{out}}\,\bar{o}
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What this part means

A raised number can be a power. When it is a label or bound, it selects a case or the upper limit of a sum; the formula’s structure distinguishes these uses.

Its job in the formula

A raised mark can be a power or an index. Its position and the surrounding notation determine which.

The passage around this formula

Summed over an n -step trajectory, that gives Cn=∑i=1nci=n pin(τ+δ)+pin σ n(n−1)2+n pout oˉC_n = \sum_{i=1}^{n} c_i = n\,p_{\text{in}}(\tau+\delta) + p_{\text{in}}\,\sigma\,\frac{n(n-1)}{2} + n\,p_{\text{out}}\,\bar{o}. The middle term is the one that matters. It grows as n(n-1)/2 — quadratically in step count — while the other two terms grow only linearly. For a short loop, the quadratic term is negligible next to the fixed tax and the output cost. For a long one, it dominates completely, and no amount of shrinking τ\tau or oˉ\bar{o} changes that; the loop’s own length has become the largest line item, all by itself.

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Learn the underlying idea

An exponent tells how a base is used in multiplication. In x³, x is the base and 3 is the exponent: x³ = x × x × x.

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Sources cited in the article section

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