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Equation 5 · The Arrow of Time and the Engine of Evolution

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ΔF\Delta F

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the w exactly equals. Read the equation part by part below; each part has a contextual explanation and a link to its mathematical background.

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ΔF\Delta F

Symbol Δ F

the w exactly equals.

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change

change

Capital delta attached to a quantity marks a difference between two values of that quantity; the article’s sign convention determines the order.

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Christopher Jarzynski’s 1997 equality was the opening result. For a system beginning in thermal equilibrium and then driven away from it by an arbitrarily fast, arbitrarily far-from-equilibrium protocol, the exponential average of the work W performed on it recovers the equilibrium free-energy difference Δ\Delta F between the protocol’s start and end points exactly:

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