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Equation 1 · Part 11 · Radioactive Clocks: How Nuclear Physics Gave Evolution Its Time

Numerator: ln 2

N(t)=N0 e−λt,t1/2=ln⁡2λ,N(t) = N_0\, e^{-\lambda t}, \qquad t_{1/2} = \frac{\ln 2}{\lambda},
ln⁡2\ln 2

What this part means

The complete quantity above the fraction bar.

Its job in the formula

ln 2 occurs above the fraction bar. The numerator is divided by the entire denominator below it.

The passage around this formula

The property that makes radioactive decay useful as a clock is not that it happens on a convenient timescale — some isotopes decay in fractions of a second, others over timescales longer than the universe’s age — but that it happens with no memory. An atom of uranium-238 that has existed, undecayed, for four billion years is exactly as likely to decay in the next second as one formed a microsecond ago. There is no wear, no fatigue, no accumulated probability of failure the way there is in a mechanical clock’s escapement or a living organism’s senescence. This absence of memory is what makes decay first-order: the number of decays in a short interval is proportional only to the number of…

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Learn the underlying idea

A fraction a/b means a divided by b. The top number is the numerator; the bottom number is the denominator, and it cannot be zero.

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Sources cited in the article section

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