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…same activation vectors the probe was reading, learning an overcomplete basis in which each vector is reconstructed as a sparse combination of dictionary elements. Writing a for the activation, z for its sparse code and $\hat a$ for the reconstruction, $\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{SAE}}(a) = \lVert a - \hat a \rVert_2^2 + \lambda \lVert z \rVert_1, \qquad \hat a = W_{\mathrm{dec}}\, z + b_{\mathrm{dec}}, \qquad z = \mathrm{ReLU}\!\left(W_{\mathrm{enc}}(a - b_{\mathrm{dec}}) + b_{\mathrm{enc}}\right)$. The reconstruction term asks the dictionary to explain the activation; the $\ell_1$ penalty asks it to explain it using as few active dictionary elements as possible at once. Cunningham and colleagues showed this produces directions substantially…

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