Equation 12 · Part 6 · How Advanced Semiconductor Fabrication Actually Works
subtraction
subtraction
What this part means
Subtract the following term or group from the preceding one. A leading minus marks a negative quantity.
Its job in the formula
Subtract the following term or group from the preceding one. A leading minus marks a negative quantity.
Full expression→subtraction→Article meaning
The passage around this formula
The oldest tool for doing this is the control chart, and it works by testing a sequence of measurements against known patterns rather than against a single pass/fail threshold. The classic Western Electric decision rules flag a process as suspect if, for example, a single point lands more than three standard deviations from the target, or two of three consecutive points land beyond two standard deviations, or a long run of consecutive points falls on the same side of the target line — patterns that are each individually unlikely under normal random variation and therefore signal that something about the process, not the sample, has changed [ 10 ] . Alongside the chart sits a single summary…
Learn the underlying idea
Addition combines quantities; subtraction measures the signed difference between them. Parentheses show what is combined before the rest of the expression is evaluated.
Open the illustrated addition and subtraction in an equation guide →
Sources cited in the surrounding passage
These citations provide research context; check each source for the exact claim it supports.