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Equation 13 · From Origins to Frontier: A History of Post-CMOS, Neuromorphic, Photonic, and Quantum AI Compute

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1−ε1-\varepsilon

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ε\varepsilon

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The reason NISQ-era hardware imposes such a hard ceiling on quantum machine learning specifically is a simple compounding effect. If a device executes a circuit of N sequential gates, each with per-gate fidelity 1-ε\varepsilon , and errors accumulate independently, the probability the whole circuit runs without error falls off as

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