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Equation 13 · Evolutionary Biology and Ecology in Practice: An Advanced Technical Guide

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Enough recaptures to separate ϕ\phi from p . With too few sessions, ϕ\phi and p are not jointly identifiable — a low apparent survival rate is statistically indistinguishable from a low capture rate. Lebreton et al.'s own case studies used designs with enough repeated sessions across enough years to break this confound; a two-session study cannot.

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