Equation 37 · Error Correction Is the Whole Problem in Quantum Computing
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Symbol T
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Universality requires a non-Clifford gate, conventionally the T gate. Non-Clifford gates cannot be implemented transversally in the surface code, and the standard workaround is magic state distillation, introduced by Bravyi and Kitaev [ 10 ] . Many noisy copies of a particular ancilla state are prepared, a Clifford circuit is applied, some are measured, and a smaller number of higher-fidelity copies survive. The output state is then consumed by gate teleportation to effect the T gate.
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