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Equation 36 · The Entry a Relabeling Cannot Write

What does this equation mean?

Λ(ρ):=WρW†\Lambda(\rho) := W\rho W^\dagger

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Inputs and operationsWρ W^dagger
Result or conditionLambda(ρ) :
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This equation states an equality: the expressions on both sides have the same value under the article’s assumptions. Read the equation part by part below; each part has a contextual explanation and a link to its mathematical background.

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Λ\Lambda

Symbol Lambda

Lambda is part of the quantity the equation computes from the expression on the right.

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ρ\rho

Symbol ρ

ρ is an argument of the function-like quantity on the left; its role is set by that function’s stated inputs.

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WW

Symbol W

the dual of conjugation by.

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W†W^\dagger

Symbol W^dagger

WdW^dagger is an input to the expression that computes the quantity on the left.

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=

=

The expressions on both sides represent the same quantity under the stated assumptions.

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How to interpret it

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What the article says around this equation

Before asking what a genuine coarse-graining exposes, the construction has to survive the case where nothing at all is discarded. Take Hc\mathcal H_c = Hf\mathcal H_f — no reduction in the space of states — and let the “coarse” description be nothing more than the same physics seen through a fixed, time-independent relabeling: a rotated spin basis, a renamed pair of levels, a change of which linear combination of states a lab calls “up.” Model this as Λ(ρ)\Lambda(\rho) := Wρ\rho W†W^\dagger for a fixed unitary W , and, because nothing has been thrown away, define the coarse Hamiltonian self-consistently as the same physical generator carried through that same relabeling, HcH_c := W HfH_f W†W^\dagger .

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