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Equation 1 · Part 5 · Edge AI Electronics and Sensor Systems in Practice: Quantization, Power Budgets, and Sensor Front Ends

Scale or step size

r=S(q−Z),r = S \left( q - Z \right),
SS

What this part means

A positive number saying how much one integer step is worth in the model’s units. If S = 0.25, moving q by 1 changes the decoded value by 0.25. A larger S covers more range with coarser spacing.

Its job in the formula

S is one of the signed contributions combined to compute the quantity on the left.

The passage around this formula

…end to end. The scheme that made this practical for commodity hardware is an affine mapping between a real value and its stored integer, r=S(q−Z)r = S \left( q - Z \right). where r is the real-valued number, q is the stored integer, S > 0 is a scale factor, and Z is an integer zero-point chosen so that real zero maps exactly onto a representable integer — a detail that matters because operations like zero-padding and ReLU depend on zero being represented without rounding error. Jacob and colleagues showed that with this…

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Learn the underlying idea

The scale S is the size of one step on the decoded number line. It must be positive.

Open the illustrated scale factor s guide →

See this notation across published equations →

Sources cited in the surrounding passage

These citations provide research context; check each source for the exact claim it supports.

Further reading for this equation