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Equation 8 · Dense, Sparse, and Distilled: Comparing Approaches to Frontier Model Capacity

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NN

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The dense route is the baseline: more parameters, more data, more compute, with C ≈\approx 6ND . Kaplan and colleagues established that loss falls as a power law in each of these over many orders of magnitude [ 2 ] , and the field spent several years reading that as a mandate to grow N .

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