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Equation 3 · Chiplets and Advanced Packaging in 2035: Scenarios, Signals, and Falsifiable Predictions

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NN

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That second half of the trade is where yield risk concentrates. If a bonded interface carries N individual interconnects and each has an independent probability π\pi of a bonding defect — misalignment, particle contamination, or a void — then the probability the whole interface bonds cleanly falls as

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