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Equation 1 · Part 10 · Adapters, Native Pretraining, and Unified Tokens: The Main Multimodal Architectures, Compared

subtraction

θ(t+1)=θ(t)−η⋅1 ⁣[θ∈θbridge]⊙∇θ L(θ(t))\theta^{(t+1)} = \theta^{(t)} - \eta \cdot \mathbb{1}\!\left[\theta \in \theta_{\text{bridge}}\right] \odot \nabla_\theta \, \mathcal{L}(\theta^{(t)})
subtraction

What this part means

Subtract the following term or group from the preceding one. A leading minus marks a negative quantity.

Its job in the formula

Subtract the following term or group from the preceding one. A leading minus marks a negative quantity.

The passage around this formula

None of these three papers claims the resulting bridge is unlimited in what it can carry. LLaVA’s own error analysis documents a case where the model answers confidently that strawberry-flavoured yoghurt is present in a fridge that in fact contains only yoghurt and strawberries, which the authors read as the model treating the image “as a bag of patches, failing to grasp the complex semantics within the image” [ 1 ] , and they separately note that recognising a specific product brand would require higher input resolution than the system uses. The bridge has a fixed information-carrying capacity, whether it is BLIP-2’s small set of learned query vectors or LLaVA’s single projection matrix,…

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Learn the underlying idea

Addition combines quantities; subtraction measures the signed difference between them. Parentheses show what is combined before the rest of the expression is evaluated.

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Sources cited in the surrounding passage

These citations provide research context; check each source for the exact claim it supports.