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Equation 64 · The Bit Comes Back Before the Bearing

What does this equation mean?

t∗  ∼  β2π ln⁡S,β≡ℏkBTH=8πGMc3,t_* \;\sim\; \frac{\beta}{2\pi}\,\ln S, \qquad \beta \equiv \frac{\hbar}{k_BT_H} = \frac{8\pi GM}{c^3},

Read the formula alongside the article passage below. Each part has a deeper page with its role in the equation, the supporting passage and nearby citations.

Start with8pi GM
Divide byc^3
This relates tot_* sim fracβ2piln S, qquad β equiv frachbark_BT_H
How to read the two sides of this formula. Follow the article passage for the meaning of each quantity.

This equation states an equality: the expressions on both sides have the same value under the article’s assumptions. Read the equation part by part below; each part has a contextual explanation and a link to its mathematical background.

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t∗t_*

Symbol t_*

t∗t_* is part of the quantity the equation computes from the expression on the right.

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β\beta

Symbol β

β occurs above the fraction bar. The numerator is divided by the entire denominator below it.

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π\pi

Symbol pi

pi is part of the quantity the equation computes from the expression on the right.

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SS

Symbol S

S is part of the quantity the equation computes from the expression on the right.

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kBk_B

Symbol k_B

kBk_B occurs below the fraction bar. The quantity above the bar is divided by this expression; zero is excluded as a denominator.

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THT_H

Symbol T_H

THT_H occurs below the fraction bar. The quantity above the bar is divided by this expression; zero is excluded as a denominator.

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GG

Symbol G

G occurs above the fraction bar. The numerator is divided by the entire denominator below it.

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MM

Symbol M

M occurs above the fraction bar. The numerator is divided by the entire denominator below it.

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c3c^3

Symbol c^3

c3c^3 occurs below the fraction bar. The quantity above the bar is divided by this expression; zero is excluded as a denominator.

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=

=

The expressions on both sides represent the same quantity under the stated assumptions.

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fraction

fraction

Divide the expression above the line by the one below it.

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subscript

subscript

The lower label selects a particular version, component, or indexed member of the quantity. For example, x₀ and xₜ can be values at different positions.

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superscript

superscript

A raised number can be a power. When it is a label or bound, it selects a case or the upper limit of a sum; the formula’s structure distinguishes these uses.

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2π2\pi

Denominator: 2pi

The complete quantity below the fraction bar; it must be nonzero for this division.

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ℏ\hbar

Numerator: hbar

The complete quantity above the fraction bar.

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kBTHk_BT_H

Denominator: k_BT_H

The complete quantity below the fraction bar; it must be nonzero for this division.

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8πGM8\pi GM

Numerator: 8pi GM

The complete quantity above the fraction bar.

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How to interpret it

With a fixed numerator, increasing a nonzero denominator reduces the fraction. Read it with the definitions, units, and assumptions supplied by the article.

What the article says around this equation

The natural timescale for tLt_L is the scrambling time, and it is worth deriving in real units rather than only in the abstract. Sekino and Susskind conjectured that black holes are the fastest scramblers nature permits, mixing information across all their degrees of freedom in a time growing only logarithmically with entropy [ 2 ] . Maldacena, Shenker, and Stanford later proved the sharp version of the bound this conjecture leans on: the exponential growth rate of an out-of-time-order correlator, the operational signature of chaos, cannot exceed λL\lambda_L ≤\le 2π\pi/β\beta for a thermal system at inverse temperature β\beta , with a black hole horizon saturating the bound [ 3 ] . Combining a…
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The natural timescale for tLt_L is the scrambling time, and it is worth deriving in real units rather than only in the abstract. Sekino and Susskind conjectured that black holes are the fastest scramblers nature permits, mixing information across all their degrees of freedom in a time growing only logarithmically with entropy [ 2 ] . Maldacena, Shenker, and Stanford later proved the sharp version of the bound this conjecture leans on: the exponential growth rate of an out-of-time-order correlator, the operational signature of chaos, cannot exceed λL\lambda_L ≤\le 2π\pi/β\beta for a thermal system at inverse temperature β\beta , with a black hole horizon saturating the bound [ 3 ] . Combining a Lyapunov-limited spread over ln⁡\ln S e-foldings of the hole’s Bekenstein-Hawking entropy S gives the estimate t∗  ∼  β2π ln⁡S,β≡ℏkBTH=8πGMc3t_* \;\sim\; \frac{\beta}{2\pi}\,\ln S, \qquad \beta \equiv \frac{\hbar}{k_BT_H} = \frac{8\pi GM}{c^3}. where the second equality for a Schwarzschild hole follows directly from Hawking’s temperature formula [ 7 ] and S = A/4ℓP2\ell_P^2 is the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy [ 6 ] . For a solar-mass hole, β\beta ≈\approx 1.24×\times10^{-4}\,s\mathrm s and ln⁡\ln S ≈\approx 177 , giving t∗t_* ≈\approx 3.5\,ms\mathrm{ms} — an exact evaluation of the stated formulas, illustrative of the scrambling scale and not a claim about any particular measured hole.

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