Equation 64 · The Bit Comes Back Before the Bearing
What does this equation mean?
Read the formula alongside the article passage below. Each part has a deeper page with its role in the equation, the supporting passage and nearby citations.
This equation states an equality: the expressions on both sides have the same value under the article’s assumptions. Read the equation part by part below; each part has a contextual explanation and a link to its mathematical background.
Read it piece by piece
Symbol t_*
is part of the quantity the equation computes from the expression on the right.
Symbol β
β occurs above the fraction bar. The numerator is divided by the entire denominator below it.
Symbol pi
pi is part of the quantity the equation computes from the expression on the right.
Symbol S
S is part of the quantity the equation computes from the expression on the right.
Symbol k_B
occurs below the fraction bar. The quantity above the bar is divided by this expression; zero is excluded as a denominator.
Symbol T_H
occurs below the fraction bar. The quantity above the bar is divided by this expression; zero is excluded as a denominator.
Symbol G
G occurs above the fraction bar. The numerator is divided by the entire denominator below it.
Symbol M
M occurs above the fraction bar. The numerator is divided by the entire denominator below it.
Symbol c^3
occurs below the fraction bar. The quantity above the bar is divided by this expression; zero is excluded as a denominator.
=
The expressions on both sides represent the same quantity under the stated assumptions.
See an illustrated explanation →subscript
The lower label selects a particular version, component, or indexed member of the quantity. For example, x₀ and xₜ can be values at different positions.
superscript
A raised number can be a power. When it is a label or bound, it selects a case or the upper limit of a sum; the formula’s structure distinguishes these uses.
See an illustrated explanation →Denominator: 2pi
The complete quantity below the fraction bar; it must be nonzero for this division.
Denominator: k_BT_H
The complete quantity below the fraction bar; it must be nonzero for this division.
How to interpret it
With a fixed numerator, increasing a nonzero denominator reduces the fraction. Read it with the definitions, units, and assumptions supplied by the article.
What the article says around this equation
The natural timescale for is the scrambling time, and it is worth deriving in real units rather than only in the abstract. Sekino and Susskind conjectured that black holes are the fastest scramblers nature permits, mixing information across all their degrees of freedom in a time growing only logarithmically with entropy [ 2 ] . Maldacena, Shenker, and Stanford later proved the sharp version of the bound this conjecture leans on: the exponential growth rate of an out-of-time-order correlator, the operational signature of chaos, cannot exceed 2/ for a thermal system at inverse temperature , with a black hole horizon saturating the bound [ 3 ] . Combining a…
Read the full surrounding passage
The natural timescale for is the scrambling time, and it is worth deriving in real units rather than only in the abstract. Sekino and Susskind conjectured that black holes are the fastest scramblers nature permits, mixing information across all their degrees of freedom in a time growing only logarithmically with entropy [ 2 ] . Maldacena, Shenker, and Stanford later proved the sharp version of the bound this conjecture leans on: the exponential growth rate of an out-of-time-order correlator, the operational signature of chaos, cannot exceed 2/ for a thermal system at inverse temperature , with a black hole horizon saturating the bound [ 3 ] . Combining a Lyapunov-limited spread over S e-foldings of the hole’s Bekenstein-Hawking entropy S gives the estimate . where the second equality for a Schwarzschild hole follows directly from Hawking’s temperature formula [ 7 ] and S = A/4 is the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy [ 6 ] . For a solar-mass hole, 1.2410^{-4}\, and S 177 , giving 3.5\, — an exact evaluation of the stated formulas, illustrative of the scrambling scale and not a claim about any particular measured hole.
Sources cited in the surrounding passage
- [2] Fast Scramblers ↗
- [3] A Bound on Chaos ↗
- [7] Particle Creation by Black Holes ↗
- [6] Black Holes and Entropy ↗
These citations give research context. Read each source to check which claims it supports.
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