Symbol U
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The theorem is where the story becomes genuinely subtle, because the Standard Model’s electroweak sector does not contain any observed massless scalar of the kind Goldstone’s argument predicts, and the reason is itself a discovery rather than a loophole. Englert and Brout, and independently Higgs, showed in 1964 that when the broken symmetry is a local gauge symmetry rather than a global one, the story changes at the last step [ 4 , 3 ] . The gauge bosons associated with the broken generators absorb the would-be Goldstone modes as their own longitudinal polarization states, and in doing so become massive. What would have been a massless, physically propagating Goldstone boson is not observed…
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Equation 10 · Evolutionary Physics
The Vacuum Has a History: Symmetry Breaking as Speciation
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The theorem is where the story becomes genuinely subtle, because the Standard Model’s electroweak sector does not contain any observed massless scalar of the kind Goldstone’s argument predicts, and the reason is itself a discovery rather than a loophole. Englert and Brout, and independently Higgs, showed in 1964 that when the broken symmetry is a local gauge symmetry rather than a global one, the story changes at the last step [ 4 , 3 ] . The gauge bosons associated with the broken generators absorb the would-be Goldstone modes as their own longitudinal polarization states, and in doing so become massive. What would have been a massless, physically propagating Goldstone boson is not observed…
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