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S(x)S(x)

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Because retrieval and generation are separable, an end-to-end score is nearly uninformative about which one broke. Decompose it. Let Zk(x)\mathcal{Z}_k(x) be the retrieved set and S(x) the set of spans that would suffice to answer x :

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SS

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xx

Symbol x

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S(x)S(x)

Equation 18 · AI Agents & Systems

Retrieval Is an Evidence System, Not a Memory

This mathematical expression combines the displayed quantities; its precise role follows from the surrounding article text.

Because retrieval and generation are separable, an end-to-end score is nearly uninformative about which one broke. Decompose it. Let Zk(x)\mathcal{Z}_k(x) be the retrieved set and S(x) the set of spans that would suffice to answer x :

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