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2×102
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Between those extremes sit two families with a gap between them. Engineered quantum simulators — cold-atom lattices, trapped-ion chains, Rydberg-atom arrays — cluster between 10^{-3} and 3×10^{-2} metres per second, because their dynamics run on tunnelling and spin-exchange rates measured in kilohertz, multiplied by lattice spacings measured in hundreds of nanometres. Natural crystals run several orders faster: longitudinal sound in ordinary crystalline silicon travels at 8.433 kilometres per second [ 12 ] ; the spin excitations of the near-ideal one-dimensional antiferromagnet potassium copper fluoride, with a measured exchange energy of 33.5 millielectronvolts, propagate at roughly…
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Equation 25 · Crossed Fields
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Between those extremes sit two families with a gap between them. Engineered quantum simulators — cold-atom lattices, trapped-ion chains, Rydberg-atom arrays — cluster between 10^{-3} and 3×10^{-2} metres per second, because their dynamics run on tunnelling and spin-exchange rates measured in kilohertz, multiplied by lattice spacings measured in hundreds of nanometres. Natural crystals run several orders faster: longitudinal sound in ordinary crystalline silicon travels at 8.433 kilometres per second [ 12 ] ; the spin excitations of the near-ideal one-dimensional antiferromagnet potassium copper fluoride, with a measured exchange energy of 33.5 millielectronvolts, propagate at roughly…
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