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−7.5794
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It should not be read alone. The companion regressions for the middle and recency effects, reported directly beside it in the same appendix table set, show a different and more telling pattern. The middle-effect regression reports a Model T5 coefficient of -6.2258 carrying a standard error of 3.19 × 10^{4} , and a Model Llama2 coefficient of -7.5794 carrying a standard error of 1.07 × 10^{4} — standard errors between one and five thousand times the size of the coefficients they attach to. That ratio is not statistical noise; it is the textbook signature of quasi-complete separation, the condition in which a logistic regression’s maximum-likelihood estimate fails to converge because…
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Equation 16 · Language Models & Evaluation
This mathematical expression combines the displayed quantities; its precise role follows from the surrounding article text.
It should not be read alone. The companion regressions for the middle and recency effects, reported directly beside it in the same appendix table set, show a different and more telling pattern. The middle-effect regression reports a Model T5 coefficient of -6.2258 carrying a standard error of 3.19 × 10^{4} , and a Model Llama2 coefficient of -7.5794 carrying a standard error of 1.07 × 10^{4} — standard errors between one and five thousand times the size of the coefficients they attach to. That ratio is not statistical noise; it is the textbook signature of quasi-complete separation, the condition in which a logistic regression’s maximum-likelihood estimate fails to converge because…
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