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At weak field this reduces to the familiar yij ≈ (Φi - Φj)/c2 for Newtonian potential Φ , exactly the quantity real fibre-linked clock comparisons already report [ 1 , 7 ] . Collect every measured edge into a vector y , one entry per link, and encode the network’s topology in an incidence matrix B : row e = (i,j) has a +1 in column i , a -1 in column j , and zero elsewhere. The model is y = Bϕ + n for measurement noise n with covariance C , and the standard weighted least-squares estimate of the node potentials is
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Equation 22 · Evolutionary Physics
This mathematical expression combines the displayed quantities; its precise role follows from the surrounding article text.
At weak field this reduces to the familiar yij ≈ (Φi - Φj)/c2 for Newtonian potential Φ , exactly the quantity real fibre-linked clock comparisons already report [ 1 , 7 ] . Collect every measured edge into a vector y , one entry per link, and encode the network’s topology in an incidence matrix B : row e = (i,j) has a +1 in column i , a -1 in column j , and zero elsewhere. The model is y = Bϕ + n for measurement noise n with covariance C , and the standard weighted least-squares estimate of the node potentials is
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