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Equation 5 · Part 6 · Why the Physical World Is Harder

addition

tsense+tcompute+tactuate<1f.t_{\mathrm{sense}} + t_{\mathrm{compute}} + t_{\mathrm{actuate}} < \frac{1}{f}.
addition

What this part means

Add the term after the plus sign to the term or group before it.

Its job in the formula

Add the term after the plus sign to the term or group before it.

The passage around this formula

Language models became substantially more capable by thinking for longer at inference time. That option is bounded on a robot, and the bound is not a matter of taste. A closed-loop controller running at frequency f must complete sensing, computation and actuation within one cycle: tsense+tcompute+tactuate<1ft_{\mathrm{sense}} + t_{\mathrm{compute}} + t_{\mathrm{actuate}} < \frac{1}{f}. The pi-zero model is documented as producing actions at up to 50 Hz for dexterous tasks [ 3 ] , which leaves a 20-millisecond budget for everything. No amount of chain-of-thought fits in 20 milliseconds. Worse, missing the deadline is not merely slow: a controller that arrives late in a contact-rich interaction is acting on a stale world model, and in a stiff contact the resulting force error…

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Learn the underlying idea

Addition combines quantities; subtraction measures the signed difference between them. Parentheses show what is combined before the rest of the expression is evaluated.

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Sources cited in the surrounding passage

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