← Back to article

Equation 23 · When Generation Becomes Free, Attention Becomes the Scarce Good

What does this equation mean?

∂2c(s,θ)∂s ∂θ  <  0,\frac{\partial^{2} c(s,\theta)}{\partial s \, \partial \theta} \;<\; 0,

Read the formula alongside the article passage below. Each part has a deeper page with its role in the equation, the supporting passage and nearby citations.

This equation states a bound: one expression must stay on the indicated side of the other under the article’s assumptions. Read the equation part by part below; each part has a contextual explanation and a link to its mathematical background.

Read it piece by piece

cc

Symbol c

c occurs above the fraction bar. The numerator is divided by the entire denominator below it.

Understand this part →

ss

Symbol s

the signal level.

Understand this part →

θ\theta

Symbol θ

θ is a part of this expression. Its role is fixed by the surrounding article and by the operations shown in the formula.

Understand this part →

fraction

fraction

Divide the expression above the line by the one below it.

Understand this part →

See an illustrated explanation →
derivative

derivative

This notation tracks how one quantity changes with another. The indicated variable tells which change is being measured.

Understand this part →

superscript

superscript

A raised number can be a power. When it is a label or bound, it selects a case or the upper limit of a sum; the formula’s structure distinguishes these uses.

Understand this part →

See an illustrated explanation →
∂2c(s,θ)\partial^{2} c(s,\theta)

Numerator: partial^2 c(s,θ)

The complete quantity above the fraction bar.

Understand this part →

∂s ∂θ\partial s \, \partial \theta

Denominator: partial s partial θ

The complete quantity below the fraction bar; it must be nonzero for this division.

Understand this part →

How to interpret it

With a fixed numerator, increasing a nonzero denominator reduces the fraction.

What the article says around this equation

Spence’s contribution was to explain how information can cross the asymmetry without direct verification. An agent takes a costly action — in his original case, education — and the action separates types only under a specific condition: the marginal cost of the signal must be lower for the type the signal is supposed to identify. In the standard notation, with signal level s and type θ\theta increasing in ability, the single-crossing condition is ∂2c(s,θ)∂s ∂θ  <  0\frac{\partial^{2} c(s,\theta)}{\partial s \, \partial \theta} \;<\; 0. and it is this inequality, not the content of the signal, that does the work [ 3 ] . Spence’s model famously does not require the signalling activity to be productive at all. It requires only that it be differentially costly.

Read the equation in its article →

Sources cited in the surrounding passage

These citations give research context. Read each source to check which claims it supports.

Return to When Generation Becomes Free, Attention Becomes the Scarce Good

See this formula across 1 published context →

Browse the mathematical compendium →