Equation 3 · Part 5 · Two Different Bets on How to Align a Frontier Model
subtraction
subtraction
What this part means
Subtract the following term or group from the preceding one. A leading minus marks a negative quantity.
Its job in the formula
Subtract the following term or group from the preceding one. A leading minus marks a negative quantity.
Full expression→subtraction→Article meaning
The passage around this formula
There is a simple reason a single successful transfer matters more than its raw success rate suggests. If one crafted probe defeats a given safety-trained policy with probability p , and successive attempts against it were independent, the probability that at least one of k attempts succeeds is . which climbs quickly even when p is small per attempt. Two caveats matter as much as the formula. Attempts against one fixed, deployed model are usually correlated rather than independent, so real gains from repeated probing fall below this bound; and a universal, transferable suffix is close to the case the formula flatters most, because it is a single artefact effective across…
Learn the underlying idea
Addition combines quantities; subtraction measures the signed difference between them. Parentheses show what is combined before the rest of the expression is evaluated.
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Sources cited in the article section
- [9] Universal and Transferable Adversarial Attacks on Aligned Language Models ↗
- [8] Frontier Models are Capable of In-context Scheming ↗
- [10] Sleeper Agents: Training Deceptive LLMs that Persist Through Safety Training ↗
These citations provide research context; check each source for the exact claim it supports.