Equation 3 · Part 2 · Two Different Bets on How to Align a Frontier Model
Symbol p
What this part means
the probability.
Its job in the formula
p is part of the quantity the equation computes from the expression on the right.
Full expression→Symbol p→Article meaning
Where the article explains it
If one crafted probe defeats a given safety-trained policy with probability p , and successive attempts against it were independent, the probability that at least one of k attempts succeeds is .
The passage around this formula
There is a simple reason a single successful transfer matters more than its raw success rate suggests. If one crafted probe defeats a given safety-trained policy with probability p , and successive attempts against it were independent, the probability that at least one of k attempts succeeds is . which climbs quickly even when p is small per attempt. Two caveats matter as much as the formula. Attempts against one fixed, deployed model are usually…
Learn the underlying idea
A variable is a named place for a value. Its letter is a local label: x can mean position in one formula and a data point in another.
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Sources cited in the article section
- [9] Universal and Transferable Adversarial Attacks on Aligned Language Models ↗
- [8] Frontier Models are Capable of In-context Scheming ↗
- [10] Sleeper Agents: Training Deceptive LLMs that Persist Through Safety Training ↗
These citations provide research context; check each source for the exact claim it supports.