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The passage around this formula

This is a DERIVED quantity, not a measurement: it has not been run against real per-country population totals or the actual SharedResponsesSurvey.csv microdata, and no value of $\rho_{R,Y}$ for any real country is claimed here. What can be computed honestly, using only the paper’s own reported extremes for n — 101 respondents at the low end, 448,125 at the high end [ 1 ] — is how small $\rho_{R,Y}$ would need to be, at illustrative (not dataset-matched) population scales, to produce a cross-country divergence of $\delta$ = 0.1 , a magnitude in the range visible between clusters in the paper’s own Fig. 3b radar plot. For a nation of order 10^{6} residents sampled at n=101 : f $\approx$…

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