Equation 25 · Part 2 · The Main Technical Approaches to AI Alignment, Compared
Symbol x
What this part means
x is an argument of the function-like quantity on the left; its role is set by that function’s stated inputs.
Its job in the formula
x is an argument of the function-like quantity on the left; its role is set by that function’s stated inputs.
Full expression→Symbol x→Article meaning
The passage around this formula
normalizing each sampled response’s reward against the mean and standard deviation of a group of G responses to the same prompt rather than against a separately trained critic network [ 13 ] . Lambert and colleagues, building the fully open Tulu 3 post-training recipe, named the general approach explicitly, describing it as “a novel method we call Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards,” and used it alongside supervised fine-tuning and preference optimization rather than as a wholesale replacement for either [ 15 ] . The clearest large-scale demonstration is DeepSeek-R1: Guo and colleagues report training a model with reinforcement learning alone against a purely rule-based reward —…
Learn the underlying idea
A variable is a named place for a value. Its letter is a local label: x can mean position in one formula and a data point in another.
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Sources cited in the surrounding passage
- [13] DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Models ↗
- [15] Tulu 3: Pushing Frontiers in Open Language Model Post-Training ↗
- [14] DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning ↗
These citations provide research context; check each source for the exact claim it supports.