Equation 2 · The Frontier Model Landscape in 2035: Four Scenarios, Their Signals, and What Would Falsify Them
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Write for the cost of the largest training run in year t . Epoch’s estimate is well approximated by simple exponential growth,
Sources cited in the article section
- [8] 2025: The State of Generative AI in the Enterprise ↗
- [12] Anthropic Overtakes OpenAI in B2B Adoption for the First Time, According to Ramp Spending Data ↗
- [5] The Rising Costs of Training Frontier AI Models ↗
- [6] Key Trends and Figures in Machine Learning ↗
- [7] FTC Staff Report on AI Partnerships & Investments 6(b) Study (Partnerships Between Cloud Service Providers and AI Developers) ↗
These citations give research context. Read each source to check which claims it supports.