← All parts of this equation

Equation 3 · Part 9 · The Attack Surface That Reads

Ending index or upper bound: n

Pbypass=∏i=1npi,P_{\mathrm{bypass}} = \prod_{i=1}^{n} p_i,
nn

What this part means

This label says where the repeated addition, multiplication, or accumulation stops. It sets the last term or end of the range.

Its job in the formula

n appears in the bound of this product. The bound states where the repeated operation starts, ends, or which values it includes.

The passage around this formula

Here is the modelling error to avoid. Suppose a request passes n independent detection layers, each of which fails to catch a given malicious input with probability pip_i . It is tempting to write the bypass probability of the stack as Pbypass=∏i=1npiP_{\mathrm{bypass}} = \prod_{i=1}^{n} p_i. and conclude that four layers at ten percent leakage each give one bypass in ten thousand. That number is…

Read this part in the article →

Learn the underlying idea

Σ adds a collection of terms. Π multiplies them. The lower and upper labels tell you which terms belong to the collection.

Open the illustrated sums and products: repeat an operation over an index guide →

See this notation across published equations →

Sources cited in the article section

These citations provide research context; check each source for the exact claim it supports.