Equation 5 · Part 2 · Ten Failure Modes That Define Deployed AI Safety Systems
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What this part means
The expressions on both sides represent the same quantity under the stated assumptions.
Its job in the formula
The equals sign connects the complete expression on the left with the complete expression on the right. Both sides must have compatible units.
Full expression→=→Article meaning
The passage around this formula
At p = 0.05 , a safeguard that looks 95% reliable per attempt, twenty tries already succeed with probability 1-(0.95)^{20} 0.64 , and by sixty tries cumulative success exceeds 0.95 — a per-attempt figure that reads as strong evidence of robustness collapses once retrying is free, which is precisely the black-box search loop several of the documented attacks above run automatically. This is not a result reported by any single cited study; it is the elementary shape of what those studies demonstrate empirically, and it is the reason a reported single-attempt block rate, on its own, answers a narrower question than it is usually taken to answer.
Learn the underlying idea
An equals sign says that the expression on its left and the expression on its right have the same value under the stated definitions and assumptions.
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