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Equation 27 · Part 1 · OpenAI Model Systems from First Principles: Weights, Post-Training, and Inference Compute

Symbol p_k

pk=1−(1−p)k,p_k = 1 - (1-p)^k,
pkp_k

What this part means

only achievable if something can identify the successful attempt.

Its job in the formula

pkp_k is part of the quantity the equation computes from the expression on the right.

Where the article explains it

Attempts from one model on one prompt are strongly correlated, so realised gains fall well below this bound; and pkp_k is only achievable if something can identify the successful attempt.

The passage around this formula

…formula]. which is concave in k and saturates quickly. Two caveats destroy any naive extrapolation from it. Attempts from one model on one prompt are strongly correlated, so realised gains fall well below this bound; and pkp_k is only achievable if something can identify the successful attempt. Without a verifier, extra samples buy candidates, not answers. This is precisely why the reasoning-effort control and the availability of parallel test-time compute are architectural facts about a product rather than mere…

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A subscript is a label attached below a symbol. It often selects a time step, component, category, or member of a sequence.

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Sources cited in the surrounding passage

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