Equation 27 · OpenAI Codex as a Software-Engineering System: Models, Harnesses, and Evidence
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with environmental state s , arguments x , resulting state s' , observation y , and error or side-effect record e . Reliability requires more than choosing the semantically correct tool. The system must construct valid arguments, detect partial execution, decide whether retry is idempotent, and represent output faithfully enough for the next decision.
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