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Equation 17 · Locality Is the Whole Game: The Memory Hierarchy and What a Kernel Does Not Read

What does this equation mean?

Q(b)  ≈  2N3b+N2,subject to3b2≤M.Q(b) \;\approx\; \frac{2N^3}{b} + N^2, \qquad \text{subject to} \quad 3b^2 \le M .

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This equation gives an approximation: it relates the quantities while allowing an approximation. Read the equation part by part below; each part has a contextual explanation and a link to its mathematical background.

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QQ

Symbol Q

Q is a part of this expression. Its role is fixed by the surrounding article and by the operations shown in the formula.

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bb

Symbol b

the traffic falls linearly in.

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N3N^3

Symbol N^3

N3N^3 occurs above the fraction bar. The numerator is divided by the entire denominator below it.

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N2N^2

Symbol N^2

The square of N: multiply N by itself.

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b2b^2

Symbol b^2

the square of b; the traffic falls linearly in.

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MM

Symbol M

M is a part of this expression. Its role is fixed by the surrounding article and by the operations shown in the formula.

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fraction

fraction

Divide the expression above the line by the one below it.

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≈

≈

Approximately equal to; the equality is not exact.

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addition

addition

Add the term after the plus sign to the term or group before it.

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superscript

superscript

A raised number can be a power. When it is a label or bound, it selects a case or the upper limit of a sum; the formula’s structure distinguishes these uses.

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2N32N^3

Numerator: 2N^3

The complete quantity above the fraction bar.

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How to interpret it

With a fixed numerator, increasing a nonzero denominator reduces the fraction. Its accuracy depends on the assumptions and range of use described in the article.

What the article says around this equation

The repair is to restructure the loops so that the working set of the innermost computation is small enough to sit in a fast store and is used many times before being evicted. Partition the operands into b ×\times b blocks and compute block by block. Three such blocks — two inputs and an accumulator — must be resident simultaneously, so the tile size is bounded by the fast-store capacity M in words: Q(b)  ≈  2N3b+N2,subject to3b2≤MQ(b) \;\approx\; \frac{2N^3}{b} + N^2, \qquad \text{subject to} \quad 3b^2 \le M . Taking b as large as the constraint allows gives

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