← Back to article

Equation 14 · How Multimodal Models Actually Handle Video, Audio, and Space

What does this equation mean?

σ\sigma

Read the formula alongside the article passage below. Each part has a deeper page with its role in the equation, the supporting passage and nearby citations.

volume density, c\mathbf{c} is emitted colour. Read the equation part by part below; each part has a contextual explanation and a link to its mathematical background.

Read it piece by piece

σ\sigma

Symbol σ

volume density, c\mathbf{c} is emitted colour.

Understand this part →

How to interpret it

Read this expression with the definitions, units, and assumptions supplied by the article.

What the article says around this equation

where σ\sigma is volume density, c\mathbf{c} is emitted colour, and T(t) is accumulated transmittance along the ray up to t . There is no patch, no voxel grid, no fixed token count anywhere in this formulation — the scene is a function evaluated at query points, and any tokenization of it for a downstream language model has to be imposed afterward, by sampling the field at a chosen resolution, which reintroduces exactly the resolution-versus-cost trade video and audio already face.

Read the equation in its article →

Sources cited in the article section

These citations give research context. Read each source to check which claims it supports.

Return to How Multimodal Models Actually Handle Video, Audio, and Space

Browse the mathematical compendium →