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where $\dot{Q}$ is the heat to be removed (watts), $\dot{m}$ is the coolant mass flow rate, $c_p$ is its specific heat, and $\Delta$ T is the temperature rise the coolant is allowed across the cold plate. This is the one relationship every cooling-loop sizing decision in this article reduces to: a facility either raises $\dot{m}$ (bigger pumps, more flow, more pumping power) or accepts a larger $\Delta$ T (which raises the return coolant temperature and can push a heat-reuse exchanger below its useful delivery temperature, discussed below). There is no way around the equation; every design choice downstream is a trade against these three terms.

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