Equation 15 · Part 1 · From Origins to Frontier: A History of Stochastic Thermodynamics and Complex Systems
Symbol k_B
What this part means
is a part of this expression. Its role is fixed by the surrounding article and by the operations shown in the formula.
Its job in the formula
is a part of this expression. Its role is fixed by the surrounding article and by the operations shown in the formula.
Full expression→Symbol k_B→Article meaning
The passage around this formula
That same year, Shoichi Toyabe, Sagawa, Ueda, Eiro Muneyuki, and Masaki Sano built and ran the device, reporting “Experimental Demonstration of Information-to-Energy Conversion and Validation of the Generalized Jarzynski Equality” in Nature Physics [ 8 ] . Their apparatus used a single colloidal particle on a spiral-staircase-shaped potential created by a rotating electric field; real-time feedback, triggered by measuring which way the particle had diffused, allowed the particle to climb the staircase using only thermal fluctuations and the information gained by observation, extracting free energy in excess of the direct work performed on it and confirming the Sagawa-Ueda generalized…
Learn the underlying idea
A subscript is a label attached below a symbol. It often selects a time step, component, category, or member of a sequence.
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Sources cited in the surrounding passage
These citations provide research context; check each source for the exact claim it supports.