Equation 4 · From Origins to Frontier: A History of Frontier AI Model Comparisons
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The response, arriving in 2023, was to stop checking against a fixed answer and start recording a preference between two outputs instead. Chatbot Arena built an open platform in which users submit a prompt, receive responses from two anonymized models side by side, and vote for the one they prefer, without knowing which model produced which response; its authors reported collecting more than 240,000 such votes from a broad user base and validated that crowdsourced preferences agreed well with those of a separate panel of expert raters [ 12 ] . Pairwise votes of this kind are naturally converted into a single continuous rating using a Bradley–Terry-style model — the same functional form used…
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The response, arriving in 2023, was to stop checking against a fixed answer and start recording a preference between two outputs instead. Chatbot Arena built an open platform in which users submit a prompt, receive responses from two anonymized models side by side, and vote for the one they prefer, without knowing which model produced which response; its authors reported collecting more than 240,000 such votes from a broad user base and validated that crowdsourced preferences agreed well with those of a separate panel of expert raters [ 12 ] . Pairwise votes of this kind are naturally converted into a single continuous rating using a Bradley–Terry-style model — the same functional form used for chess Elo ratings — in which the probability that a rater prefers system A over system B is modeled as a logistic function of the difference between two scalar ratings:
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