subtraction

The passage around this formula

A practical organization can report cost per accepted change , $CAC=\frac{ C_{\mathrm{licenses}}+C_{\mathrm{usage}}+C_{\mathrm{runtime}} +C_{\mathrm{human}}+C_{\mathrm{rework}}+C_{\mathrm{incidents}} }{N_{\mathrm{accepted,quality-adjusted}}}$. The metric should be sliced by task class. Documentation and test scaffolding, unfamiliar-repository bugs, migrations, UI work, security patches, and architecture decisions have different verification costs. A global mean can hide that agents create value in one class and consume it in another.

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